Cost schedule:

成本核算,核算企业各个环节产生的成本,题目中出现 Cost schedule 可能还会提到 cost standard card,标准成本卡,即记录标准成本应该是怎样的。

Variance reports:

The variance reports detail the difference between the actual performance and the budgets and explain any material variances.

将实际和预算进行比较,解释差异

Exception reports:

Exception reporting focuses on attention on those items where performance differs significantly from standard or budget.

Exception reports 有两点要特别注意:

注意和 Variance report 的区分,一个是预算和实际的比较,一个是与标准和预算发生严重偏离时的报告,差异分析是不管有没有严重偏离都要分析的

Exception 虽然是例外、异常的意思,但注意,但它本身是财务方面的报告,不是公司只要有异常都用它,题目中让我们选 Exception reports 的情境时可能会出现和财务无关的迷惑选项

22) Module:

A module is a program which deals with one particular part (专门处理某一部分) of a computerized business accounting system.

23) SOFP (资产负债表):

Statement of financial position:

Give a true and fair view of state of affairs of the company as at(在报告的时点上公司的资产状况,是时点数)the end of the financial year.

在资产负债表上能看到的信息:公司的资产以及负债情况,流动性等

24) P&L (利润表):

Statement of comprehensive income/income statement/profit or loss

Give a true and fair view of the profit or loss of the company for (在报告期间的损益,是时段数) the financial year

在利润表上能看到的信息:公司的收入成本和费用

25) Internal control & internal check (内部控制)

An internal control is any action taken by management to enhance the likelihood that established objectives and goals will be achieved.

提高实现目标的可能性

26) Internal check (内部检查)

Internal check: checks on day-to-day transactions

(区分点是内检查是检查日常的交易,内部检查是内部控制的一部分)

27) Control environment:

It is overall context of control, in particular the attitude of directors and managers towards control. Actually, the nature of control environment refers to the management style, corporate culture and values shared by all employees.

关于控制环境,题目目中比较常出现的是管理层对于控制的态度,如果管理层不了解、不重视公司的控制,是控制环境薄弱的体现。

28) Control procedure:

They are detailed controls in place. (控制的具体实施)

29) Internal audit:

An independent appraisal activity established within an organization as a service to it. It is a control which functions by examining and evaluating the adequacy and effectiveness of other controls.

Internal audit is the part of the internal control system.

很多同学分不清这几个和公司的控制以及审计有关的词,我们可以将它们进行一个有逻辑的串联:

公司的管理层为更好的实现公司目标,设置了一些措施来规范、提高公司的行为,叫做internal control,内部控制,通过控制程序 control procedure 来进行具体的实施,而整个内控的实施都是在控制环境 control environment 下的,最后这些控制的工作完成的怎么样,是由内部审计 internal audit 来检查评估的。所以不论是内部控制,还是内审对控制效果的检测都是内控系统的一部分。

30) 3E (value for money):

Economy, efficiency, effectiveness

经济性(成本,投入),效率(投入和产出),效果(产出)是衡量非盈利性组织绩效的重要指标。

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